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Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution Over a 404km Optical Fiber
Hua-Lei Yin, Teng-Yun Chen, Zong-Wen Yu, Hui Liu, Li-Xing You, Yi-Heng Zhou, Si-Jing Chen, Yingqiu Mao, Ming-Qi Huang, Wei-Jun Zhang, Hao Chen, Ming Jun Li, Daniel Nolan, Fei Zhou, Xiao Jiang, Zhen Wang, Qiang Zhang, Xiang-Bin Wang, and Jian-Wei Pan
Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 190501 – Published 2 November 2016
See Synopsis: Quantum Cryptography Goes a Long Way
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Abstract
Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDIQKD) with the decoy-state method negates security threats of both the imperfect single-photon source and detection losses. Lengthening the distance and improving the key rate of quantum key distribution (QKD) are vital issues in practical applications of QKD. Herein, we report the results of MDIQKD over 404km of ultralow-loss optical fiber and 311km of a standard optical fiber while employing an optimized four-intensity decoy-state method. This record-breaking implementation of the MDIQKD method not only provides a new distance record for both MDIQKD and all types of QKD systems but also, more significantly, achieves a distance that the traditional Bennett-Brassard 1984 QKD would not be able to achieve with the same detection devices even with ideal single-photon sources. This work represents a significant step toward proving and developing feasible long-distance QKD.
- Received 30 June 2016
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.190501
© 2016 American Physical Society
Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)
- Research Areas
Quantum communicationQuantum cryptographyQuantum optics
Quantum Information, Science & TechnologyAtomic, Molecular & Optical
Synopsis
Quantum Cryptography Goes a Long Way
Published 2 November 2016
A protocol for secure quantum communications has been demonstrated over a record-breaking distance of 404 km.
See more in Physics
Authors & Affiliations
Hua-Lei Yin1,2, Teng-Yun Chen1,2, Zong-Wen Yu3,4, Hui Liu1,2, Li-Xing You5, Yi-Heng Zhou2,3, Si-Jing Chen5, Yingqiu Mao1,2, Ming-Qi Huang1,2, Wei-Jun Zhang5, Hao Chen6, Ming Jun Li6, Daniel Nolan6, Fei Zhou7, Xiao Jiang1,2, Zhen Wang5, Qiang Zhang1,2,7,*, Xiang-Bin Wang2,3,7,†, and Jian-Wei Pan1,2,‡
- 1National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- 2CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- 3State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- 4Data Communication Science and Technology Research Institute, Beijing 100191, China
- 5State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- 6Corning Incorporated, Corning, New York 14831, USA
- 7Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
- *qiangzh@ustc.edu.cn
- †xbwang@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn
- ‡pan@ustc.edu.cn
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Issue
Vol. 117, Iss. 19 — 4 November 2016
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![Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution Over a 404 km Optical Fiber (9) Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution Over a 404 km Optical Fiber (9)](https://i0.wp.com/cdn.journals.aps.org/development/journals/images/author-services-placard.png)
Images
Figure 1
Experimental setup for the MDIQKD system. Alice’s (Bob’s) phase randomized weak coherent state pulses are modulated into four decoy-state intensities via two intensity modulators (IM). An asymmetrical Mach-Zehnder interferometer (AMZI), two IMs, and one phase modulator (PM) encode time-bin phase qubits. A circulator (Circ) is used to isolate the laser with the quantum signal. A phase shifter (PS) is used to compensate the relative phase fluctuation of two AMZIs. The first IM is used to better format the signal pulse; the following two IMs are used to modulate the decoy state, and the final two IMs are used for time-bin qubit encoding. TC, temperature controller; AC, alternating current; DC, direct current; Att., attenuator; DWDM, dense wavelength division multiplexer; BS, beam splitter; SNSPD, superconducting nanowire single-photon (SP) detector.
Figure 2
MDIQKD key rates versus the intensities, , and probabilities, . (a)The key rates of a 102km standard fiber with a 10-minute data accumulation time. By varying the signal state intensities, , and probabilities, , we can achieve key rates from 321 to 7.9bps with a failure probability of . (b)The key rates of the same experimental data without the finite size effect. The key rates are more than 1.5kbps for all signal state intensities, , and probabilities, .
Figure 3
Experimental results. The experimental results (symbols) agree well with the theoretical simulations (solid lines) with a maximum transmission distance of 404km via ultralow-loss optical fiber and 311km via standard optical fiber. For comparison, we include simulations for the balanced basis passive Bennett-Brassard 1984 (BB84) protocol using ideal SP sources, the practical SP with without the decoy-state method, the WCS with the decoy-state method, and the results of Ref.[12] shown as the dotted lines. Note that even though the MDIQKD produces lower key rates than the BB84 protocol, it can offer greater secure transmission distances.